總結(jié)是把一定階段內(nèi)的有關(guān)情況分析研究，做出有指導(dǎo)性的經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法以及結(jié)論的書面材料，它可以使我們更有效率，不妨坐下來好好寫寫總結(jié)吧。怎樣寫總結(jié)才更能起到其作用呢？總結(jié)應(yīng)該怎么寫呢？那么下面我就給大家講一講總結(jié)怎么寫才比較好，我們一起來看一看吧。

托福高分117經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)3篇一

Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.

When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.

In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.

1. What is the main idea of the passage ?

(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.

(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.

(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.

(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.

2. The word They in line 2 refers to

(A) aviculturists

(B) birds

(C) eggs

(D) rates

3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler

than the top, then

(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation

(B) the embryo will not develop normally

(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.

(D) the incubation process is slowed down

4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to

(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick

(B) hold the nest together

(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest

(D) make the nest bigger

5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to

(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest

(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest

(C) keep the nest in a clean condition

(D) touch the bottom of the eggs

6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT

(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest

(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest

(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell

(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell

7. The word suspend in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) build

(B) paint

(C) hang

(D) move

8. The word fatal in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) close

(B) deadly

(C) natural

(D) hot

9. The word secure in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) fresh

(B) dry

(C) safe

(D) warm

10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides

(A) a constant source of humidity

(B) a strong nest box

(C) more room for newly hatched chicks

(D) protection against cold weather

11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?

(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.

(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly

(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.

(D) They are expensive to operate.

12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Aviculturists (line 1)

(B) gradient (line 8)

(C) incubation (line 15)

(D) embryo (line 22)

托福高分117經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)3篇二

the first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the winged lizards. The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an inspanidual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.

Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings

(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx

(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates

(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds

2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?

(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.

(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.

(C) They connected the front and back limbs.

(D) They required fingers of equal length.

3. The word literally in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) creating

(B) meaning

(C) related to

(D) simplified

4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies

(A) in the early Triassic period

(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs

(C) after the decline of pterosaurs

(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.

5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to

(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs

(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines

(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight

(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils

6. The word They in line 10 refers to

(A) powerful muscles

(B) bodies

(C) jaws

(D) flying reptiles

7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably not skillful fliers (lines 10-11) because

(A) of their limited wingspan

(B) of their disproportionately large bodies

(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight

(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power

8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from

(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs

(B) an evolution from pterosaurs

(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals

(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs

9. The word classified in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) perfected

(B) replaced

(C) categorized

(D) protected

10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?

(A) Its tail

(B) Its teeth

(C) The shape of its skull

(D) Details of its bone structure

11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?

(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.

(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.

(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.

(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.

托福高分117經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)3篇三

1.糾正錯(cuò)誤理解

作為學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境下的語言能力考試，托福不考察語法詞匯，但不等于不重視語法詞匯。托?？荚嚳疾炷愕牧骼冗h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于你的精準(zhǔn)度。拿口語部分來講，高分考生必須有非常好的流利度，這包括：少停頓和猶豫、從文章或材料中合理推斷出要表達(dá)的中心和重要含義、合理有效的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比能力、有效的抓閱讀和講座重點(diǎn)信息的能力。我的方法：對(duì)于口語，在考試之前的一個(gè)月每天對(duì)著鏡子練習(xí)自己的獨(dú)立任務(wù)話題的熟練度，盡量減少“um，uh，you know”等填充語。

2.關(guān)于閱讀

可以在考前除了多看一些托福閱讀之外的材料，比如《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》雜志。我不建議學(xué)生在時(shí)間不多的情況下做很多的報(bào)紙閱讀、雜志和收音機(jī)聽力練習(xí)，我建議學(xué)生多利用學(xué)術(shù)性材料做精讀和精聽，我推薦i-course，onlineuniversities和english-for-students，上邊有很多優(yōu)秀的資源可以做深入學(xué)習(xí)。比如english-for-students，很多學(xué)生非常困惑于習(xí)語或者名言的積累，還有重難點(diǎn)的單詞的積累和規(guī)整方法，上面有相對(duì)全面的參考，還有對(duì)應(yīng)的例文可以幫助學(xué)生有效地背誦。

下面說一下答題的方法：

所有閱讀題目的答案都可以從文章中尋找到。只需要去尋找答案，或者根據(jù)問題類型(比如推斷)的不同，依據(jù)文章信息做一個(gè)有邏輯的近一步總結(jié)。

我做托福閱讀的固定方式是：第一步快速掃描全文，尋找到文章中心，目的或用途還有行文結(jié)構(gòu)。首先必須要先理解第一段落;其次要理解每段的目的作用和分論點(diǎn)，理解這個(gè)段落的要旨和為什么作者要講這個(gè)要旨;然后要看最后一段的第一行和最后一行，理解作者是如何結(jié)文的;最后，在閱讀每一段的時(shí)候問自己，作者是如何展開細(xì)節(jié)的：陳述事實(shí)，羅列不同觀點(diǎn)，還是自問自答。

第二步，先回答最簡(jiǎn)單的問題。時(shí)間是最大的問題，于是決定我們必須在做題時(shí)有的放矢，而合理的有的放矢就必須利用時(shí)間來計(jì)時(shí)做練習(xí)。中后期的閱讀一定得計(jì)時(shí)，否則沒有了練習(xí)的意義。

第三步，通過細(xì)分析問題尋找對(duì)應(yīng)信息的答案。

第四步，排除錯(cuò)誤答案。托福的特點(diǎn)是不管題目還是內(nèi)容有時(shí)候會(huì)顯得有點(diǎn)啰嗦，首先得簡(jiǎn)化題目和選項(xiàng)，很好的熟悉長(zhǎng)難句的縮短法是有效縮句的辦法。其次在訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候不要每次遇到生詞就查，遇到不會(huì)的選項(xiàng)就蒙。可以自己先嘗試根據(jù)上下文意縮短詞匯概念范圍，然后自己替換信息，嘗試自己給自己出題并回答。

3.關(guān)于聽力

在托福聽力里，學(xué)生必須得熟悉大學(xué)生活中的學(xué)術(shù)類的講座話題。我的建議是按照如下方法進(jìn)行練習(xí)。

(1)總聽聽力全文

重點(diǎn)的關(guān)注點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在主題和邏輯兩者。主題毫無疑問就是講座或者我們聽不懂的講座片段的中心，那么邏輯可能就需要多利用講座材料培養(yǎng)敏感度。練習(xí)聽力時(shí)第一遍只要能夠聽得出大概的講座行文順序即可，同閱讀一樣，包括觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比、時(shí)間地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)化、現(xiàn)象解釋等等，這樣可以提前對(duì)后文有個(gè)預(yù)判，對(duì)上下文信息有整體概念。

(2)拆分句子，重點(diǎn)精聽或聽寫聽不懂的信息

關(guān)于聽寫，我建議采用兩種聽寫法，我在備考時(shí)經(jīng)常使用。

第一種我稱之為“細(xì)節(jié)聽寫法”，以“句意”為單位聽寫完整的句意，每句最多重復(fù)五遍，五遍以內(nèi)聽不出來，就不要繼續(xù)無用功的往下聽，然后，最重要的是，當(dāng)我們覺著自己聽不出來的時(shí)候要嘗試將那個(gè)含糊的發(fā)音通過一定的方法記錄下來，不管是不是正確的單詞。對(duì)單詞在句子中發(fā)音的熟悉度是建立在背單詞注重聽音和發(fā)音，以及做聽力時(shí)注重辨音和對(duì)照兩個(gè)方面。這個(gè)工作結(jié)束之后，下一步就是對(duì)照原文，找出聽不出來的地方，如果是生詞，摘錄在自己固定的生詞地方。我認(rèn)為這個(gè)階段對(duì)基礎(chǔ)詞匯不是很好的學(xué)生應(yīng)該至少持續(xù)三周。

第二種我稱之為“段落聽寫法”，就好比大家在考四六級(jí)時(shí)的聽寫方法。第一步，整體聽，把握大意。第二步，以句意為單位，每一個(gè)句意聽一次，然后嘗試寫下。第三步，重復(fù)第二遍，補(bǔ)完整句子信息。第四步，重復(fù)第一遍，整個(gè)段落的查漏補(bǔ)缺。對(duì)徹底利用上一種方法攻克聽力中辨音環(huán)節(jié)的學(xué)生來說，就可以嘗試進(jìn)入第二個(gè)階段的練習(xí)。這個(gè)階段的聽寫同樣三周。

不管采用什么方式的聽寫，目標(biāo)就是精聽到每一個(gè)單詞為止。這是一向艱難的過程。

關(guān)于可用的材料，我推薦independent english study lab，上邊有各種以學(xué)科為單位的講座，包括原文。當(dāng)然，可以下載下來隨時(shí)聽。還有online university和academic earth。后者是視頻的，有很多視頻和學(xué)科類型可以仔細(xì)練習(xí)理解聽力。

4.關(guān)于口語

我只想說，口語部分得到滿分真的很難，但是，得到25分以上的高分未必有多么困難。

首先，口語的獨(dú)立題目一定得背誦例子。我在考試前背誦的是自己寫的獨(dú)立題的答案，這當(dāng)中包括很多大家經(jīng)常用的例子，比如電腦、旅游、志愿者等等。我想強(qiáng)調(diào)，第一題和第二題關(guān)鍵考察的一定是流利性和話題的展開與邏輯。對(duì)于內(nèi)容，重視的程度顯得不是很大。要讓考官聽到你的氣場(chǎng)，說白了就是得“拽”。氣場(chǎng)從何而來?卡殼的語言是產(chǎn)生不了氣場(chǎng)的。所以必須要靠自己的例證積累，并且是找人修正過的比較靠譜的語法正確的信息量適中的例證。除了例子，口語獨(dú)立任務(wù)的高分還需要自己的高端熟練的句式和用詞。比如有人喜歡說I prefer …但是你背過一定句式，就可以說my personal preference is placed on… 固定句式在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻真的可以救你一把，當(dāng)你什么都說不出來的時(shí)候。

高分口語必須有三個(gè)特征，首先是大聲，有自信，就像做演講，有氣場(chǎng)。其次是流利并且語速較快，這樣才有可能讓話題有很好的發(fā)展度。最后是信息完整并且信息間邏輯分明。

5.關(guān)于寫作

我自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)比較簡(jiǎn)單，就是多背多寫。寫作同口語一樣。是需要時(shí)間的大量練習(xí)的。正常情況下，托福的備考會(huì)用掉480小時(shí)左右。口語需要160小時(shí)，寫作需要120小時(shí)左右。剩下的聽力和閱讀的練習(xí)各需要100小時(shí)以上。在寫文章之前，按照argument的要求，按照托福作文判分者對(duì)話題發(fā)展的要求，可以先完成提綱的構(gòu)建，這就會(huì)決定文章的main idea, purpose和structure。也會(huì)讓我們?cè)趯懽髦坝幸粋€(gè)整體的規(guī)劃不會(huì)在寫的過程中出現(xiàn)confuse的情況。托福作文不需要多么高端的語言，復(fù)雜的語法和句式結(jié)構(gòu)。但想要得到高分，也最好能夠讓我們的觀點(diǎn)出新，畢竟相同的語言構(gòu)建能力在有創(chuàng)造力的回答中更容易得分是事實(shí)。

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