范文為教學(xué)中作為模范的文章，也常常用來指寫作的模板。常常用于文秘寫作的參考，也可以作為演講材料編寫前的參考。范文怎么寫才能發(fā)揮它最大的作用呢？接下來小編就給大家介紹一下優(yōu)秀的范文該怎么寫，我們一起來看一看吧。

英語閱讀短文篇一

day john goes to work by always 76.___________ buys a piece newspaper to read on the train, so he feels 77.___________ that the time pass more day on the train he 78.___________ was reading a report about important football match.79.___________ the report was such interesting that he forgot to get off 80.___________ at his didn’t know it until he saw the sea.81.___________ he got off at the next station, and wait a long time for 82.___________ a train to go arrived very lately at the office.83.___________ his boss was angry to him when he told him why he 84.___________ was late.“work is more importance than football!” 85.___________ the first day when i went to work in a very famous 76．___________ restaurant, my boss complained that there were very a few 77．___________ people coming for i am “invited” to have a meal in 78．___________ the ordering two french dishes and some food, 79．___________ i began to look frequently at watch timing the serving of the 80．___________ ile, i looked around to see that there was anything 81．___________ else wrong there.i wrote something improper down 82．___________ meal was not serving yet.i looked at my watch ：32 minutes 83．___________ passed!i realized that wait too long for service was the main 84．__________ reasons why the business was i wrote a report about 85．___________ my findings and presented it to the month we bought our two-year-old daughter a little are not many children of her age there we live, 76． and we thought a dog would make her less were 77． play together happily all daughter now 78． smiles and laughs a lot more than she a way it 79．

is like having two children in the of them are 80． very untidy, but they cry when they do not get what they 81． dog is easy to look after than my daughter.82． he always eats up all his food and we don’t have piles of 83． dirty clothes to wife is also happy because of 84． i have given up dog doesn’t like the smell.85．

6.i went shopping with my have a lot of things to 1._________ buy drove to the center of the city and stopped 2._________ our car in front of the hour late, we came back 3._________ to the it was strange that we couldn't open 4._________ the we asked policeman for was 5._________ glad to help us.a few minute later, he got the door open.6._________ just then a man came up and shouted angrily.“how are 7._________ you doing with my car ” we were surprising and went to 8._________ see the number of the you think we did then 9._________ we had to speak sorry to the man again and again.10._________ my opinion, there are advantages and disadvantages 76.______ traveling both by plane and by by plane is 77.______ time-saving, comfortably, and you can have a good rest 78.______ on the it is too you travel by 79.______ train, it is not expensive and quite safety and you can 80.______ appreciate the beautiful sceneries on both sides of the 81.______ r, it was too crowded and time-wasting, 82.______ and we can take a good you can see every 83.______ coin has two 'd better to choose either of 84.______ them depending on your own interest or economy.85.______

worried, i have accepted your letter and i'm glad to give you some 76.__________ in all, don't be students 77.__________ find it difficulty to write my opinion, if you want to 78.__________ improve your writing, and you can do several , 79.__________ do some study with phrases and sentence , 80.__________ read as much as are many things can't be 81.__________ must see it in books many you'll 82.__________ be able to use them correctly , in order to write 83.__________ well, you must learn to read y, you'd better to 84.__________ recite some good luck for you in your cousin and i usually stay out late with some friends on saturday evenings, left grandpa alone at home.71.___ it was so cold yesterday, however, that none of us wanted 72.____ to suffer from the frozen wind after dinner we 73.____ stay at home sitting around a fire and listening to grandpa 74.____ tell his experiences in second world fact they 75.____ sounded familiar to us, so we were still listening attentively 76.____ so as to make him be and then we asked grandpa 77.____ some questions, that he answered in a humorous 78.____ burst out laughing from time to time and he laughed too.79.____ full of joy, we all felt especially warm in the cold evening.80.____ is known to all that the internet is playing 76________ a more and more important part on our daily life.77________ on it, we can not only read news at home or abroad 78_________ but also get much information as instance, 79_________ we are often send e-mails or make telephone calls 80 _______ to our families as well as our r, 81 _______ we can go to school on the net, read different 82 _______ kind of books and even teach ourselves can also enjoy music, watching sports and play computer can even do shopping without left our homes.83 _______ 84 ________ 85 _______ ⑴ 76.√ ---and ---saw ---make 81.∧and/so 82 they—she t—concerts ⑵ 76．job 77．去掉been 78． a 79．experience 80． received 81． 去掉was/加who 82．your-my 83．√ 84． read 85． really 改為 train 77.去掉 piece。 改為 passes。ant 前加 an 改為 so。81.此行無錯。 改為 waited。 改為 late。 改為 with。ance 改為 important。

--on 77 a / 78 was 79 right the /my 81that--whether /if 82 secretly 84 waiting ⑸ 76．there改為where 77．a(chǎn)lone改為lonely 78．days改為day 79．used改為used to 80．a(chǎn)ll改為both 81．but改為and 82．easy改為easier 83．無錯 84．去掉of 85．smoke改為smoking 改為had 去掉 改為later 4.正確 后加a 改為 minutes 改為what sing改為surprised 后加do 改為 say —in —travelin9 tably--comfortable --if --safe 81.正確 —is 后加not 84.去掉to --and ⑻ed→received →of ulty→difficult 79.去掉and 80.對 后加that →them →so 84.去掉to →to

-leaving -neither -freezing -stayed 后面加the -but/yet 去掉 -which -on ⑽ →it →in →and ⌒much as r →besides 82.∨ →kinds ng →watch →leaving

⑾ ed→received 77.去掉more, e后加of, →another →said →or兩,三天用two or three →soon fast指動作的迅速,soon指時間“盡快地”.84.√ y→happy

⑿ 76.√→are →feel ore→however 80.∧little→a a little boy 81.去掉not 后的to →playing →as →grades“分數(shù)”, →in

⒀ →had 77.√ 78去掉but 79.去 掉him ers →shoulder → taken 后加 not →i n后加to ⒁ g—called —or ——died 6.√—both 8.去掉not 前加a —dance

英語閱讀短文篇二

（一）in china the mid-autumn festival often comes in september or october,the moon is round and bright that es get together and have a big eat are small round tastes also drink chinese often tell the story of chang’e.（） mid-autumn festival often comes ber

r

c.a or b（）es eat _____and kes ,coffee ,milk kes,chinese tea（） often tell the story of ’e

chan

yuan（）n moon is ______that

c.a and b（） the mid-autumn festival a chinese festival? ,it is

,it isn’t

c.i don’t know

（二）this is changsha south railway station.a high-speed train called hexie hao is going to move out of the jun is going to go to will visit his uncle and is very likes to travel by train!a）閱讀短文，將正確答案的序號填在括號內(nèi)。（） is the best title(標(biāo)題)for this passage? a.a travel

b.a picnic（） is the name of the station? ha north railway ha south railway station.（） the train called hexie hao go very fast? ,it ,it can’ wang jun very excited about the travel? ,he ,he isn’t.b)閱讀短文，回答下列問題。 is wang jun going?

wang jun is going to he visit his uncle and aunt?

__________________________________________.（三）

christmas is shopping centres are very busy(忙碌的).some people are buying christmas people are buying gifts for their families or relatives.i’m going to buy a computer for my little can draw pictures on the family usually gets together(團聚)on christmas elder brother(大哥)lives in year,he didn’t come back because it was snowing very hard.i hope we are going to be together again this elder brother will drive here on christmas will decorate our christmas tree with colourful balls and will put the gifts under the don’t open them until christmas morning.（） christmas , the shopping centres are

（）2.i’m going to buy a _____for my little er

ll

bag（） elder brother lives in

york

g（） elder brother will come home

（） put the gifts ______ the

（

四）

daming and his friends will go for a picnic next will go to the ne will bring some food and will bring some peanuts and will bring some ng will bring a few cans of ng will bring some cookies and about daming? he will bring a box of cakes and a they can play football in the will meet at the park at 9:30 ’re so excited about the picnic next sunday.1.判斷正誤，正確的打“√”，錯誤的畫“×”。

（） will bring some peanuts and candies for the picnic.（）ng will bring a few cans of coke.（） will bring a basketball and some cakes.2.根據(jù)短文選擇正確的答案。

（） will daming and his friends go for a picnic? sunday.（） will tom bring for the picnic？

fruit

s and apples

（） they excited about the picnic? ,they ,they aren’t

3.根據(jù)短文，回答問題。 will they go for a picnic?

they time will they meet at the park? they will tingting bring for the picnic? she will__________________________.（五）dear peter，i’m very happy to receive your day i went to nanjiao park with my the park,the tress are green and flowers are birds are singing and dancing in the played many games in the had a happy time all i’m gong to answer some of your asked me about the weather in changsha in summer,it’s very hot in most of people in changsha usually go to the swimming pool(泳池)to swim.i like swimming , i’m a good swimmer.i like summer asked me when the best time to come to changsha is.i think the best time to come to changsha is spring or ’s often too hot in summer and it’s too cold in winner.i have a finish this email e to changsha ，li ping 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇正確答案。（） email is from________

ping

（） ping went to __________with her han

g park

o park（） the park ,some _____are singing and

（） most of people in changsha go to the _____to swim.a,sea

ng pool（） best time to come to changsha is or autumn

（六）it’s autumn now,the weather is sunny and cool.i’m going to have a picnic at the beach with my friends made some cookies for us this morning.i will bring i will bring some will bring some apples and ’re from his grandpa’s will bring two bottles of orange are going to play beach volleyball will have fun.（） autumn,the weather had

good（） will have a the beach

the park

school（） made some_______for us this

ts

s（）’s grandpa has a

（） will bring ______bottles of orange

英語閱讀短文篇三

。

文學(xué)常識積累

《夸父逐日》選自《》，體裁：。

《 共工怒觸不周山》選自《》，《淮南子》又名《淮南鴻烈》，是西漢淮南王劉安及其門客集體撰寫的一部著作。我們在七年級上冊學(xué)過他的一篇寓言《》，就選自這里。答案：《山海經(jīng)· 海外北經(jīng)》；神話故事； 《淮南子》；《塞翁失馬》

四、字詞句積累

（一）、看拼音寫漢字或看漢字寫拼音

昔者（）顓頊（）水潦（）飲于河、wèi（）

北飲大zé（）天柱折（）

答案：xīzhuānxū lǎo渭澤zhé

(二)、重點字詞解釋

1、與日逐走（）

2、夸父逐日（）

3、北飲大澤（）

4、共工怒觸不周山（）

5、昔者（）

6、地維絕（）

7、故水潦塵埃歸（）

答案：

1、競跑，賽跑；

2、追趕太陽；

3、大湖；

4、碰、撞；

5、從前；

6、斷；

7、積水

（三）、重點句子翻譯

1、夸父與日逐走，入日

2、未至，道渴而死

3、天柱折，地維絕

4、天傾西北，故日月星辰移焉

5、地不滿東南，故水潦塵埃歸焉

答案：

1、夸父與太陽競跑，一直追趕到太陽落下的地方。

2、還沒趕到大湖，就半路渴死了。

3、支撐天的柱子折了，系掛地的繩子斷了。

4、天向西北方傾斜，所以日月星辰都朝西北方移動。

5、大地的東南角陷塌了，所以江河泥沙朝東南角流去。

（四）、詞類活用

北飲大澤：北：名詞作狀語，向北

（五）、古今異義詞

1、夸父與日逐走

2、飲于河、渭

答案：走：古義：跑；今義：行走

河：古義：專指黃河；泛指各種河流

（六）、一詞多義

1、足：河、渭不足（）不足為外人道也（）《桃花源記》

2、絕：地維絕（）夜久語聲絕（）

佛印絕類彌勒（）《核舟記》

奇山異水，天下獨絕（）《與朱元思書》

3、故：故日月星辰移焉（）

過故人莊（）《過故人莊》

公問其故（）《曹劌論戰(zhàn)》

桓候故使人問之（）《扁鵲見蔡桓公》

答案：

1、夠；值得；

2、斷；消失；極；絕妙；

3、所以；舊、原來；原因；特意

（七）、成語積累

夸父逐日：比喻人有宏大的志向或巨大的力量和氣魄。

（八）、文言句式

a、省略句式：

1、“棄其杖，化為鄧林”等于“（夸父）棄其杖，化為鄧林”。譯為：他遺棄的手杖，化成桃林

2、“怒而觸不周之山”等于“（共工）怒而觸不周之山”。譯為：（共工）發(fā)怒撞不周之山

b、狀語后置句式：“飲于河、渭”等于“于河、渭飲”。譯為：就到黃河、渭水喝水

五、內(nèi)容及寫法理解

1、夸父形象：勇敢追求、死而后已。兩篇文章均表現(xiàn)古代人民探索、征服自然的愿望和意志。

2、運用了夸張的手法。

英語閱讀短文篇四

·英譯漢練習(xí)短文·

passage1

satiricliterature1

perhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshness,d,eydoislookatfamiliarconditionsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditionsseemfoolish,harmful,jarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockxotemakeschivalryseemabsurd;bravenewworldridiculesthepretensionsofscience;rywassuspectedbeforecervantes2,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforealdoushuxley3,hemannerofexpression，thesatiricmethod,sarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart,estimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcoontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scramblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtaposition,ivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheyliveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing7,servestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoftruth,tendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularmediaissanctimonious,sentimental,rsrarelyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,noigentpeoplekn

1．這篇文章用詞正式，句式嚴謹、周密、冗長，文風(fēng)較為華麗。翻譯時選詞要正式，可多用四字結(jié)構(gòu)和鋪排形式。

2．cervantes:塞萬提斯（1754-1616），西班牙偉大的作家、詩人、戲劇家。

3．a(chǎn)ldoushuxley:奧爾德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英國生物學(xué)家，作家。

4．swift:斯威夫特（1667-1745），英國作家，擅長用諷刺和幽默揭露社會黑暗現(xiàn)象。

5．briskness：brisk意為keenorsharpinspeechormanner。

6．secondhandopinions：不可翻譯為“二手的觀點”，應(yīng)該是“人云亦云的的觀點”。

7．cheapmoralizing：這里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar,contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”，而是“說教”。

8．whentheydonothearthemexpressed：當(dāng)直譯不方便時，我們可用視點轉(zhuǎn)移法：但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時

key

諷刺文學(xué)

或許諷刺文學(xué)最突出的特點是它耳目一新、視角獨創(chuàng)。諷刺文學(xué)很少給人以原創(chuàng)的思想,但是它卻將人們熟悉的事情以全新的形式展現(xiàn)出來。諷刺作家并不給人以新的哲學(xué)理念。他們所做的只是從某一視角來看待一些為人熟知的事情，在這一視角下，這些事情顯得愚蠢不堪、充滿危害而又矯揉造作。諷刺作品將我們從自鳴得意中震醒，讓我們既愉快又驚詫地看到，我們從未質(zhì)疑、全盤接受的價值觀中，有很多都是錯誤的。《唐吉珂德》使得騎士精神顯得荒謬可笑；《挑戰(zhàn)新世界》嘲笑了科學(xué)的自詡；《一個小小的建議》則建議食用人肉，使饑餓問題戲劇化。這些思想中沒有一條是原創(chuàng)的：在塞萬提斯之前就有人懷疑騎士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主義者就反對宣稱純科學(xué)的至高無上；在斯威夫特之前人們就已經(jīng)意識到饑荒問題。并不是思想的獨創(chuàng)而使得諷刺文學(xué)受人歡迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲諷方法使得它趣味橫生、有娛樂性。人們閱讀諷刺文學(xué)只是因為在美學(xué)上它是讓人心滿意足的藝術(shù)品，而不是因為它在道德上有益或倫理上的教益。它激人興奮、爽人身心，因為它只是運用常理通識、辛言辣語，便將各種幻想和人云亦云的觀點一掃而光。諷刺文學(xué)自心而來不拘謙恭，它重新調(diào)整視角，將熟悉的事物紊雜地放置在一起，用個性化的語言而不是抽象的陳詞濫語表述出來。

諷刺作品之所以存在是因為人們需要它。它存續(xù)至今，是因為讀者欣賞爽身怡心的刺激和不拘謙恭的告誡，它提醒讀者，他們生活的世界里充滿了陳腐的思想意識、低俗的道德說教和愚蠢的哲學(xué)理念。諷刺作品雖然很少代表真理促成行動，但它卻能使人們感悟到真理。諷刺作品常常告訴人們，他們在大眾媒體中所看到的、聽到的、讀到的大多是偽裝善良、多愁善感或只有部分真實。生活只在很小的程度上與大眾對它的印象相符。士兵們很少擁有電影賦予他們的理想，而普通老百姓也決不會把自己的生命無私地奉獻給人道主義服務(wù)。聰明人知道這些事實，但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時，他們常常會忘記掉。

passage2

americanfolkart

whatwetodaycallamericanfolkartwas,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday1“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,nsofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientromans,seventeenth-centurydutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryamericans—nginthelateeighteenthcentury,theunitedstatescontainedincreasingnumberofsuchpeople,liestamericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromnewengland—especiallyconnecticutandmassachusetts—forthisafewdecadesafterthesigningofthedeclarationofindependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andtheportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternnewyork,ohio,kentucky,illinois,throughitsfirstcentury2asanation,theunitedstates’populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,theseyears,thedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoamerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,heheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,raftspeople—sign,coach,andhousepainters—

begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvasses,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,

everyday:意為commonplace,ordinary

midwaythroughitsfirstcentury:美國獨立后50年間

portraitist：譯為“畫師”，以和前面的limner（畫家）相區(qū)別。

key

美國民間藝術(shù)

我們所說的美國民間藝術(shù)是由普通百姓所擁有、創(chuàng)造并享受的藝術(shù)。隨著財富和閑暇與日俱增，他們創(chuàng)造了各種藝術(shù)的市場，特別是肖像繪畫。家境殷實的、主要是中產(chǎn)階級的市民——不管他們是古羅馬人，或是17世紀荷蘭自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世紀的美國人——都對肖像繪畫藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)出突出的愛好。從18世紀晚期開始，美國這一群體的數(shù)量不斷增加，而且滿足畫像要求的藝術(shù)家也不斷地增加。

勿需驚奇，美國最早的民間藝術(shù)畫像來自于新英格蘭地區(qū)——特別是康涅狄格州和.麻薩諸塞州——因為這一地區(qū)富裕、人口稠密，而且是濃厚藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的中心。1776年《獨立宣言》宣布后的幾十年中，人口不斷西徙，在紐約州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利諾斯州、密蘇里州，人們隨處可見肖像畫師繪畫的身影。美國獨立后50年間，人口增加了近5倍，原先13個州又增加了11個。在這些歲月里，肖像繪畫的要求不斷增長，直到有了照相機才算得到滿足。1839年銀版照相法傳入美國，攝影時代開始，而且，在不超過一代人的時間內(nèi)，手工畫像就不再風(fēng)靡了。從此，人物畫像又成為了奢侈品——有錢人提出繪畫要求，專業(yè)畫家來完成繪畫。

但是在肖像繪畫的全盛時期——從18世紀晚期到19世紀50年代——任何有一點藝術(shù)才能的人都可以成為“畫家”，當(dāng)時的肖像畫師就是這么被人稱呼的。當(dāng)?shù)厮嚾恕獦?biāo)牌、馬車、房屋的畫師——也開始畫人物肖像作為一個賺錢的副業(yè)。有時候有繪畫天賦的男子或婦女一開始只給家庭成員勾勒畫像，很快在當(dāng)?shù)芈曌u鵲起，然后很多人前來要求畫像；藝術(shù)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們收拾起顏料、畫布、畫筆去各地巡游，既做房屋裝飾又畫人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。

passage3

crows

crowsareprobablythemostfrequentlymatnumberoftales,legends,andmythsaboutthesebirdsindictherhand,whenitcomestosubstantive─particularlybehavioral─information,crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter,notafewquiteuncommonones,theendangeredcaliforniacondor,serversandquicklearners,theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures,includingresearchers,etheyaresonumerous,active,andmonochro

matic,,radiotransmitters,orotheridentifyingdevicescanbeattachedtothem,butthisofcourserequirescatchinglivecrows,caldifficultiesaside,crowresminentgeneralists,membersofthisspeciesingeniouslyexploitagreatrangeofhabitatsandresources,oeducable,inspanidualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterestsandinclinations,mple,onepedogescaped,

烏鴉

烏鴉可能是美國本土動物中最常見、也是最容易識別的成員（物種）。關(guān)于它的奇聞異事和神話傳說（故事、傳說和神話）流傳眾多，可見，人們對它的濃厚興趣由來已久。另一方面，在提及對它的本性——特別是行為方面的了解時，與其他同樣普通和一些非常罕見的物種——一個顯而易見的例子是加州瀕臨滅絕的禿鷲——相比，它更鮮為人知。這其中有一些實際的原因。

眾所周知，野外的烏鴉研究成果甚少，并讓研究者苦惱不已。它們觀察敏銳，領(lǐng)悟快捷，善于分辨其他動物和研究人員的意圖，并能巧妙地避開他們。由于烏鴉數(shù)量眾多、顏色單

一、機警靈活，人們很難把它們區(qū)分開來。人們當(dāng)然可以把腳環(huán)、無線電發(fā)射機和其他識別裝置縛在烏鴉身上，但這卻要滿足一個前提，那就是活抓烏鴉——但這卻是最為機警、最難抓到的鳥類之一。

烏鴉的研究之所以令人卻步，撇開技術(shù)上的困難不談，其原因之一便是它們生活方式復(fù)雜多變。它們是超凡的多面手，其種族中的一些成員創(chuàng)造性地開發(fā)了大量的棲息地、利用大量的資源，而且能很快適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化。由于善于學(xué)習(xí)，每個烏鴉個體都有迥然不同的興趣、愛好，策略和花招。比如，有一只寵物烏鴉，學(xué)會將狗窩上的門閂拉開放狗出窩。狗出窩后，它便進去，享用了狗的美食。

passage4

lifeonearth

lifeorigtherthreebillionyears’stransitionfromtheseatothelanrmsoflifewereabletomakesuchadrasticchangeinlifestylethetraditionalviewofthefirstterrestrialorganismsisbasedonmegafossarplants,relatedtomodernseedplantsandferns,eofthis,ithasbeencommonlyassumedthatthesequenceofterreview,primitivevascularplatsfirstcolonizedthemarginsofcontinentalwaters,followedbyanimalsthatfedontheplants,er,themegafossilssuggestthatterrestriallifeappearedandspanersifiedexplosivelyneartheboundarybetweenthesilurianandthedevonianperiods,ly,however,paleontologistshavebeentakingaclosesoutthatsomefossihniquehasuncoverednewevidencefromsedimentsthatweredepositedneartheshoresoftheanightheywereentombedintherocksforhundredsofmillionsofyears,ewlydiscoveredfossilshavenotonlyrevealedtheexistenceofpreviouslyunknownorganisms,buthavealsopwsabouhthos

在地球形成不到十億年的時間后，生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而（按照以前通行的觀點），要再過30億年，第一批動植物才出現(xiàn)在大陸上。或許，正如生命的起源一樣，生命從海洋向陸地的過渡，同樣在進化論上受到質(zhì)疑。

什么形式的生命能使其生活方式發(fā)生如此驚人的變化？對于第一批登陸的生物，傳統(tǒng)的觀點是建立在巨化石基礎(chǔ)上的，這些巨化石是一些基本上完整的動植物的較大標(biāo)本。與現(xiàn)代種子植物和蕨類植物有種屬相關(guān)的微管植物，留下了一批巨化石記錄。因此，人們可以推測，生命登陸的次序反映了現(xiàn)代陸生系統(tǒng)的進化。按照這種觀點，維管植物首先移居到大陸水域的周邊，其次是以這種植物為食的動物，最后是吃這種食草動物的動物。而且，巨化石也表明（提示），在四億多年前的志留紀和盆泥紀之間的期間（在志留紀和盆泥紀之間的期間，即四億多年前），陸生生命已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，種類也急劇增加。

但是最近，古生物學(xué)家一直對志留紀-盆泥紀抵制界限以下的積淀物進行更為周密的調(diào)查。結(jié)果表明，將巖石放在一些盛有酸的容器里，一些化石就能從這些沉淀物中離析出來。這項技術(shù)從古海洋岸邊的沉積物中又發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的證據(jù)——植物的微小化石以及在顯微鏡才可以看得見的小動物的碎片。多數(shù)情況下，標(biāo)本的直徑不足1/10微米。盡管他們在巖石中埋藏了數(shù)億年，許多化石仍遺留有生物體的有機物質(zhì)。

這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石不僅揭示了先前不為人質(zhì)的有機體的存在，也將多細胞生物進居陸地的時間向前推移。我們對早期動植物群體（群落）本質(zhì)的看法正得以修正，隨之而來的是對第一批陸生生命的新推斷。

passage5

historicalmethods

whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistointhewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenesearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;nyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersastinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectuaistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquesciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesrather

thistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologologsnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortothereseaians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthiesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocilary:

practice:custom

create:makesthfromthepastexitagainorseemtoexistagain

affinity:acloseconnectionbetweentwothingsbecauseofqualitiesorfeaturesthattheyshare

revere:respectandadmire

primacy:thestateofbeingthemostimportantthingorperson

inherent:aqualitythatisinherentinsomethingisanaturalpartofitandcannotbeseparatedfromit

equate:toconsiderthattwoormorethingsaresimilarorconnected

key

歷史研究方法

雖然每一位歷史學(xué)家對歷史有自己的界定，但是，現(xiàn)代最習(xí)慣的做法是，將歷史看著是對過去重大事件進行再現(xiàn)并予以解釋。每一代的歷史學(xué)家，總會根據(jù)自身所處的時代和位置，重新判定過去的事件中哪些是重要的。這樣找到的證據(jù)往往是不完全的、零散的；也常常是片面的、有著個人偏見的。對歷史學(xué)家研究技藝的諷刺在于，運用這一技藝的人總是知道，他們所付出的努力不過是在給一個無邊無際的過程不斷加磚添瓦。

人們對歷史學(xué)研究方法產(chǎn)生興趣原因有二，其主要原因是歷史學(xué)家內(nèi)部意見不統(tǒng)一，其次原因是，將歷史學(xué)作為一門需要智力活動參與（進行分析和研究）的學(xué)科是否合理，外界持尚有懷疑態(tài)度。雖然以前的歷史學(xué)重視與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的緊密關(guān)系，但是在提出新問題、并為理解過去提供有益的方法方面，新興的社會科學(xué)似乎提供了更多的機會。社會科學(xué)方法論必須調(diào)整之后適應(yīng)這樣的學(xué)科：它由歷史資料的重要程度決定，而非根據(jù)當(dāng)代世界所必不可少的需求決定。

在歷史學(xué)的研究中還有其他的一些方法是用來解釋歷史資料的。而在上一轉(zhuǎn)化過程中，這些方法使得傳統(tǒng)研究方法更為有效。

在歷史學(xué)界，方法論是一個從根本上就非常含糊的術(shù)語。它到底是普通歷史研究中所特有的概念，還是適合于各個分支領(lǐng)域的研究技巧，人們對此尚無定論。歷史學(xué)家，特別是那些盲目從于自己的研究興趣、因而被指責(zé)為使用“井蛙（狹隘）方法”的歷史學(xué)家，常常成為“技術(shù)謬誤”的犧牲品。同樣，在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，技術(shù)謬誤

也錯誤地將學(xué)科看成是由一些技術(shù)運用所組成的整體。這種謬誤同樣存在于傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)派和社會科學(xué)歷史學(xué)派的身上，前者認為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料的評議；后者認為歷史的研究應(yīng)該是某些具體技術(shù)的運用。

passage6

themethodofscientificinvestigation

themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhicsnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadiffitthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfineraplunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,eallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromnaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,simaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,alltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleasawell-knownincidentinoneofmoliere‘splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelameway,itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingonthlythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhi

科學(xué)研究的方法

科學(xué)研究的方法只是人類思維中必要的工作方式的表現(xiàn)，正是通過這種方式，人類對一切現(xiàn)象進行邏輯推理，并做出精確的解釋。科學(xué)家的思維活動與普通人的思維活動之間并無實質(zhì)的區(qū)別，其區(qū)別有如面包師或者肉匠用普通磅秤稱量他們的物品，而化學(xué)家則用天平和精確/細致分級的砝碼來進行難度很大和復(fù)雜深入的分析一樣。并不是因為在前一種情況下的磅秤與后一種情況下的天平在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上有何不同，只是因為天平是更為精密的儀器，與磅秤比較起來，其稱量結(jié)果自然要精確得多。

如果我給你（可省去）舉一些非常熟悉的例子，或許你會理解得更清楚。你會多次聽說過科學(xué)家們是運用歸納法和演繹法工作，而且，在某種意義上，他們運用這些思維方式從自然界中總結(jié)出一些自然規(guī)則，然后運用特殊的技巧，在這些自然規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上建立自己的理論。因此，很多人認為，普通人的思維活動決不能與科學(xué)家的思維活動堪比；只有通過某種特殊訓(xùn)練，普通人才能獲得這些思維過程。聽到這些夸張的說法，你或許會認為科學(xué)家的大腦和普通人的大腦在構(gòu)造上不相一樣；但是如果你不被這些大話（夸張的說法）唬住，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你弄錯

了：在你生命中的每天、每時、每刻，你都在運用這些絕妙的思維方法。

在莫里哀的戲劇中有一個眾所周知的情節(jié)：主人公在聽到別人夸贊他畢生都是出口成章時，他表現(xiàn)出無盡的喜悅。同樣，我相信，當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)（在科學(xué)家運用科學(xué)思維的同時，）你也一樣基于歸納法和演繹法原理行事，你會感到十分慰籍，也會對自己也非常滿意。（在座）每一個人在一天中都有可能有機會開動一輛思維的列車進行（一連串）復(fù)雜的推理，這與科學(xué)家在探尋自然現(xiàn)象時的思維活動相比，雖然程度有些不同，但其性質(zhì)卻完全一樣。

asecretary’sjob

althoughthesecretaryismostoftenthoughtofas”she”andtheexecutiveas“he”,itisn’talwaysnecessarilyso!intheearlydaysofofficework,mostsecretariereisanincreaseinthenumberofmencomingintdcareersanrnolongerdecidedbysex,asthepersonhasthequalityofbeingagoodsecretary,mple,whenthebosshasanurgentbudgetmeeting,ossisgoingtogiveadinnerparty,heorcretariesshouretaryisveryskilledintypingandusingacomputer,sheismorelikelytoberecommendedforpromotion.一份秘書的工作

通常秘書一般都被想成是“她”而執(zhí)行者是“他”，但這不是必然的！在最初的辦公室工作中，幾乎所有的秘書都是男性，因為女性被認為是無法勝任如此難的工作。現(xiàn)在越來越多的男性加入到秘書的工作領(lǐng)域而許多女性加入到執(zhí)行者的行列。工作和經(jīng)歷不在取決于性別而是能力。只要這個人有成為好秘書的資質(zhì)，他或她將得到這份工作。好的秘書經(jīng)常是受歡迎的。一個好的秘書必須有出色的辦公室工作潛質(zhì)。例如：當(dāng)老板正在開一個緊急預(yù)算會議，秘書就不能打擾他。如果老板要開一個晚宴，他或她在這之前要預(yù)定一個合適的酒店。好的秘書還必須要注重他們的形象，穿著時尚整齊。他們要最少流利的講一門外語。如果一個秘書非常熟練并且有技巧的掌握電腦，那么她很有可能被推薦升職。

本文編輯由（http:///sb）提供

英語閱讀短文篇五

短文改錯專練：march 29th, dear diary, i’m writing this at my ’s almost midnight and i have to getting up early tomorrow, but i can’t sleep.i’m thinking about my future!every day, my parents asks me, “what do you want to be when you grow?” the problem is: i don’t know!my mom always says, “be a doctor!” and she doesn’t understand — to be a doctor, you have to study for a long, long time and that’s not her idea of i’m really bad at biology at the dad says, “be a pilot!” is he crazy? he knew i hate flying!

now i’m getting tiring, so i’m going to bed.i can think about my future in bed.i get my best ideas when i’m lain down.i have known my friend rebecca for a long firstly met at a friend’s birthday party five years found out that we both liked singing and dancing, so i invited rebecca over to my listened to the music together and soon became best years ago, rebecca’s parents invited me go on holiday with is spent three wonderful weeks in a little a and i loved walking along the beautifully took a lot of photos and had a lot of year, rebecca’s father changed her job, and they moved to other then we haven’t seen each other very much, but we’ve talked in the phone and we’ve written emails to each joe, how are you? thanks to your post — good to know when you’re ok.i’ve got news too.i’m going on holiday next weeks with my brother and anna, a friend from ’re going to stay on a farm with four days!we’re going to look after the animals and doing some horse-riding.i’m sure i’ll love know how crazy i am about the animals!i want to learn all about the cows or the horses.i hope i will have some times to go walking in the hills, , right now i’m going to finish homework — lots to do before the holiday!i’ll write to you when i get back to telling you about my , 4 nadia people had always been interested in interest may have begun with the honey what bees the fact, it has been found that people have been eating honey for thousand of the more recently past, people were interested in the way bees made admired the way bees seemed to working so languages even developed expressions about people working like english, for example, we talk with a “busy bee”.now scientists has a new reason to be interested in have discovered that bees able to communicate with each ch has revealed some surprised facts about this, but there are still many day afternoon, i took the no.6 bus to go was crowded on the bus, and i had listened to music by my ly i saw the name of the bus stop that i should get off, so i got off the bus in i arrived home, i realized that i had left my bag on the id card and ten books were in the bag.i was worried and eager to finding it, so i went to the bus companies for ate, at the lost and found, i see my bag.i wanted to thank the person who had found my bag, and the staff there said the person hadn’t left his a good man!

i read an interested piece of news on a newspaper ing to professor richard wiseman, only less than a quarter of the british achieved their new year goals because they do it in the wrong studied 700 volunteers who made a wide ranges of new year goals, including quitting smoking, losing the weight, or gaining a 22 percent of the participants managed to meeting their goals or described their progress like “very successful.” the reason so much failed was that they took the wrong approach and led by self-help books in the wrong tended to spend a lot of time on thinking about the “bad things” what would happen if they did not achieve their goals instead of taking weekends, i went shopping by was a sunny day and i feel very i had bought anything i needed, i went to the bus stop to take a unately, there were too much people at the bus it was my turn to get on, there was no room.i had to wait the next ly, it started to rain.i had no choice but to call a way through the journey, the taxi was broke down.i was filled with angry when i saw an emptier bus go y, i decided to walk home in a an unlucky day!

my name is li hua and i wanted to be class monitor.i am responsible, sociable, or easy-going.i enjoy serving onally, i have vary interests.i love singing and playing the drums as well soccer.i am also a good listener and be always open to different opinions.i am confident that i can do the job a student myself, firstly, i will create an academic atmosphere so that everyone in our classes can improve their those students who is falling behind, i will find ways to help them to catch ly, i will serve as a bridge among teachers and y, i will arrange parties so we can relax.i believe i am the right person to this sarah, i’m writing because i want to apologize to what i did last week.i’m really sorry.i know we said 8:30, and i would’ve gotten here on time if everything hadn’t gone wrongly.i was late because my watch broke and i didn’t know what the time it you see, i would’ve arrived on time if my watch hadn’t i have to walk because i’d missed the b then i fell over and my trousers got dirty, so i had to go home and get i decided to catch another buses, but it was too late.i would have phoned you and my brother had taken my mobile , i hope you aren’t too angrier with to hear you , jack

today my classmate and i went to a farm for a trip.i get up at six o’clock and we set off by the bus, some of us sang, and some of us all had good hours late, we arrived at the gate of the farm, that the farmers were waiting to give us a warm we were shown around the big farm, they began to plant was really a good way to getting close to nature and protect the environment at the same , we had a picnic and it was great fun to eat on the open y, we went home at half past gh all of us was tired, our trip was really very more my father and mother has been wanting me to study think that it’s natural to master a foreign language in an english-speaking country and that studying abroad at early age will enable me to be er, it will be easier to me to gain advanced knowledge of technology, that will prepare me for a brighter er, my good friend, zhang hua doesn’t agree with thought my english is too limited to communicate with s, the cost is too much for his my opinions, i should continue to study in long as i study hard at now, i’ll make great achievements in the ising informs consumers about newer products available on the gives us information with everything from shampoo to toothpaste to computers and there is one serious problems with information are actually very often tells us the products’ benefits but hides its ising not only leads us to buying things that we don’t need and can’t afford, but it confuses our sense reality.“zoom toothpaste prevents bad teeth and gives you the white teeth!” the advertisement tells it doesn’t tell us the complete truth that a health diet and a good toothbrush will have the same grandfather had had enough of his was tired of her scratching all the furnitures and made a he gave her to a friend, who lived on the other side of told his friends that he was getting so old to look after her.a week later, in a very cold winter day, my grandfather returned home from shopping and surprised to see the cat on his grandfather was moved by the fact that his pet had found his way back from the other side of town in such a cold took the cat outside and gave her lots of loving decided he will never give her away n, the arab people who live in the desert, living in a traditional means they live on much the same way as their ancestors who live in traditional societies has strong ties to the s and beliefs have changed very fear that when changes will make their lives worse rather than are passing on with little changes from one generation to the changes do take cultures change, but they change much quickly at some periods than at very recent years, changes have taken place very quickly everywhere, including deserts of southwest asia and north uncle and aunt come home one evening and discovered huge hole in their also found that their dog was dead and their furniture were covered in horrible-smelling by which they saw, they phoned the the police looked into the problem, they were told what had happened seemed that the container holding the wastes from the toilets on a passing plane had burst contents froze in the atmosphere as it fell towards the the resulting block of ice crashed through the roof and broke into piece, killing the dog after melting in their parts in recreation activities help us keep are various kinds of activity in our daily life, for example, listening to music, watching tv, playing chess, or going to i think we’d better to have more outdoor students, we usually sit too longer in the classroom, and as a result our eyes and brains getting it’s a good idea to play basketball, football, table tennis, go swimming, do some runnings, or even go for a brains also need changes to make it smart and a word, exercise is good for the sandra, you’ll never guess where i’m writing this email.a cave!you know we’re on holidays in , we spend a few days in barcelona had a good time there, though one day i didn’t feel very good.i think i ate too much ice cream the day , when i left barcelona, we came to spend a few days in r, we couldn’t get a hotel — too many tourists and not enough bed!then the hotel owner said, “why don’t try the cave hotels?” we thought he were in caves? but there we are and it’s ’re enjoying it much that we don’t know when we’re going to ’re never going to have enough time to explore for care!

ben

my uncle buys a satellite dish, which is a large round piece of metal that receives satellite decided to set up climbed up the ladder and attached the dish with the side of his he finishing, he and my aunt relaxed for the evening in front of the next day was very much hot, and they decided to stay at home and watch afternoon they heard lots of shouting they went outside, they saw that the house opposite were on ately, the fire was putting turned out that the fire had started because my uncle’s satellite dish had been concentrating the sun’s rays on the curtains of her neighbor’s house but had caused the mas is supposed to be a time express our love and goodwill towards is supposed to be a time which we perform acts of kindness for people less fortunate to do we think of the other people when we sat down to our christmas dinner? of course not — we’re too busy eating those delicious foods related with are too busy wondering that the presents we gave were as nice or better than the one we forget to think of the sick and the whole idea of christmas has complete a shame!

a thief broke into our house and filled his bag by our possessions when he suddenly feeling a pair of eyes on g up, he sees an eagle staring at him with cold, merciless first the man was too frightening to move, but after ten minute he tried moving quietly towards the ore, the eyes just followed him and he couldn’t ally, my parents returned to and found the thief in our my father turned the light, the thief could see that the eagle was just a it was too late and she was father said that the toy eagle were better than any watchdog.21

nowadays more and more students were found cheating in copy from each other;some copy from their text books, reference books or prepared note;others use modern communication tool such as mobile ng in exams will cause some worse one thing, it will result unfair competition and destroy the creativity of bright another, students who often cheats in exams will develop bad habits and won’t be able to meet the needs of society in the how can cheating in exams be stopped? on my opinion, severe punishments should be put into the effect to prevent students from the same time, great efforts should be made to make students understood what kind of person society needs or try to build up their jack, i’m glad to learn that you will come beijing to learn about chinese culture as an exchange the moment, i am studying english in my school but i always get better grades in my class.i’m good at the spoken english, so i’m sure i will communicate with you , my parents are open and kind and is friends with many of my classmates.i believe you will be one of their friend ore, i invite you to live in my home during you stay in beijing.i’m willing to helping you as much as i wishes!

yours, li hua