人的記憶力會隨著歲月的流逝而衰退，寫作可以彌補記憶的不足，將曾經(jīng)的人生經(jīng)歷和感悟記錄下來，也便于保存一份美好的回憶。范文書寫有哪些要求呢？我們怎樣才能寫好一篇范文呢？下面我給大家整理了一些優(yōu)秀范文，希望能夠幫助到大家，我們一起來看一看吧。

論文摘要的寫法怎么寫篇一

william faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century.

as a leader ofamerican “southern renaissance”， he won the nobel prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern american novel”。

(faulkner,1949) light in august is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old south.

this thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-joe christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory.

identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements.

it is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside.

in the novel, joe christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty.

caged within the racism-rooted southern society, joesuncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community.

on the one hand, joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society.

he is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart.

it turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences.

in a certain sense, joe createsthe predicament for himself.

having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society.

he is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime.

on the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down joes clear identity in his own will, regardless ofjoes intention.

in a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct joe as a part nigger.

there are four chapters in the thesis besides introduction and conclusion parts.

chapter one is the literature review of light in august both at home and abroad.

chapter two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation.

chapters three andfour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof joes identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories.

in conclusion, the indeterminacy of joe christmas identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings.

the term “intertextuality”， which was introduced by french literary critics juliakristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts.

and it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut.

kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts.

the theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory.

biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern chinese writer shen congwen.

the story happened in a border town namedchadong of xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of xiangxidistrict.

at the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called cuicui.

the novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor.

the thesis deals with the two representative english versions of biancheng, one isfrom the famous british translator gladys yang, the other is from the americansinologist jeffrey c.

kinkley.

the author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation.

all in all, two research methods are included in this thesis.

first and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part.

it expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different chineseculture-specific items (csi) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture.

the features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translatorssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way.

thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the macroscopicconstruction of the translation studies.

this thesis can be spanided into six parts.

in the introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively.

chapter one is the review of the previous studies on biancheng and its englishtranslations both at home and abroad.

chapter two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented.

chapter three is about biancheng and its two english translations.

it not onlypresents a brief introduction of shen congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---gladys yang and jeffrey c.

kinkley.

meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two english versions.

chapter four is the main body of the thesis.

the author initiates the comparativestudy of the two english versions of biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,the last part is the conclusion.

the author holds that biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts.

at the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators

different choices of different translation strategies.

gladys yangs version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage.

asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the english speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while kinkleys version was out in 2009, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of gladys yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of china and chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of chinese culture.

in addition, kinkleys versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study.

with the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary.

traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.

“multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem.

this system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of otdr block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.

it establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.

in this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of otdr,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital otdr block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of mcu,otdr block,opticalswitching,ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify ip address ofmcu,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.

論文摘要的寫法怎么寫篇二

論文題目：論法治視野下信訪功能的定位

【摘要】信訪在中國成為問題與信訪的功能定位有密切關系。

國家把信訪的功能定位在政治參與和權力監(jiān)督方面，而公民更愿意定位在權利救濟方面。

由于公民對信訪功能的定位和國家原初的定位產(chǎn)生了一定偏差，這使得國家在應對以權利救濟為目的的信訪問題時，難免帶有功利主義的目的。

從比較法的角度，信訪權更接近于國外憲法所普遍確認的"請愿權"。

就請愿權發(fā)展軌跡來看，早期的請愿權兼具政治參與和權利救濟的雙重功能，之后隨著司法救濟制度的完善，大量的私人糾紛主要訴諸司法程序解決，請愿權的權利救濟功能逐漸式微甚至消失，今天請愿主要作為一種直接政治參與的方式而存在。

請愿權在現(xiàn)代成熟憲政國家中的發(fā)展變遷圖景為我們思考信訪在我國如何進行功能轉(zhuǎn)換提供了思路。

我國應通過完善司法救濟制度逐步把權利救濟功能從信訪中剝離出來，使信訪回到原初的政治參與和權力監(jiān)督的功能上來。